ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY - BIL 106
Study Guide for Exam III

As always, this study guide is NOT a substitute for your notes or text readings. It should be used as a checklist only. Remember that the exam will be multiple choice, 50 questions (2 points each), and have three levels of difficulty: (1) factual recall, (2) synthesizing ideas and making connections and (3) solving new problems with the knowledge you've gained.
If it's in your notes or listed below as an important reading in your text, then it's fair game, even if it's not on this study guide.
TIPTOE THROUGH THE TAXA
Know the general progression of complexity of the major animal groups as shown in the phylogenetic tree. Be able to recognize the major groups we've named in class, including subkingdom Parazoa (Phylum Porifera), subkingdom Eumetazoa, superphylum Radiata (Phylum Cnidaria), superphylum Bilateria (Phyla Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida, Rotifera, Arthropoda, etc.)
Know which phyla are acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate.
Know the major characteristics and innovations that set each of these taxa apart from the others.
Know the meaning/significance of the following: Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, ecdysis, metamorphosis, direct and indirect metamorphosis (and be able to recognize an example), metamerism, segmentation, tagmosis, cephalization. Know the main body regions as per the body symmetry diagrams we saw in class.

Know the common names, general appearances, main characteristics, and a few common examples of each of the major animal phyla we studied in class, such as sponges, cnidarians, flatworms, annelids, nematodes, rotifers, arthropods, rotifers, molluscs, etc. You need not memorize the names of any classification level lower than Phylum but you should know what type of animal is in each PHYLUM. (If I want to ask you something about a certain class of aniamls, I will tell you the name of the class and the common name of the animal. For example, "What type of structural support is used by a member of Class Oligochaeta (earthworm)" or something like that.
Be able to figure out what a common ancestor of two sister taxa might have looked like/what characteristics it might have had, judging from what two groups have in common.
Recall the general bauplan and workings of the major animal groups we studied, including anything I mentioned in class about how they feed, respire, eliminate waste, etc.

DEUTEROSTOMES
Know the characteristics that set deuterostomes apart from Protostomes.
Know the main characteristics of Phyla Echinodermata and Hemichordata, and the common names of the organisms in each phylum.
Be familiar with the five classes of echinoderms, their common names, and their general "bauplan." How do the members of each class move and feed? What major organ systems are present, and which are lacking? How does this affect the natural history of the echinoderms? (Think particularly of the excretory system!)
What is the water vacular system, what is it derived from, and what it is used for?
What are the characteristics that link the echinoderms and hemichordates as possible sister taxa?
What is "Aristotle's Lantern," and what is it used for? In which class of echinoderms does it occur?
Pay special attention to the cladogram on page 279 of your text, and understan d which echinoderm groups are most closely related to each other.

CHORDATES
Know the three major subphyla of Chordates, and the characteristics that unite them and make them different from all other animals.
Know the meaning/significance of: endoskeleton, cranium, vertebral column, pharyngeal gill slits (pouches), postanal tail, segmentally arranged muscles
Know the common names of the members of the Chordate phyla (which ones are lancelets? Which ones are tunicates/sea squirts? Do they have all the chordate features throughout their lifespans? How does a tunicate change from larval to adult form?

VERTEBRATES: From Fish to Amphibians
What are the shared, derived characters that set vertebrates apart from all other animals?
Know the meaning/significance of: agnathan, gnathostome, cartilaginous skeleton (which group/s have this? Is it derived or primitive, with respect to all other vertebrates?)
What is the meaning/significance of: oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous?
Why are amphibians tied to water? How are they similar to and how are they different from other tetrapods?
What are the three main orders of Amphibians, and what are their common names and general characteristics?

VERTEBRATES: The Amniotes
What is the structure of the amniotic egg, and the function of its membranes? (You might see a diagram!) How might this evolutionary inovation have changed the course of evolution of the tetrapods?
What is the main difference, in terms of skull morphology, between the ANAPSIDA, DIAPSIDA, and SYNAPSIDA? (If you don't remember, have a look at Figure 18.2 and Figure 20.1 in your text).
Which living tetrapods are descended from ancestral (1) anapsids, (2) diapsids, and (3) synapsids?
What are the closest living relatives to the dinosaurs?

TEXT READINGS FOR EXAM III WILL BE CHAPTERS 14 - 17.