ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY - BIL 106
Study Guide for Exam II

This study guide is NOT a substitute for your notes or text readings. It should be used as a checklist only. Remember that the exam will be multiple choice, 50 questions (2 points each), and have three levels of difficulty: (1) factual recall, (2) synthesizing ideas and making connections and (3) solving new problems with the knowledge you've gained.
If it's in your notes or listed below as an important reading in your text, then it's fair game, even if it's not on this study guide.
MACROEVOLUTION
Know the meaning/significance of: microevolution, macroevolution, random genetic drift, mutation, assortative mating (positive and negative), pre- and post-zygotic forms of reproductive isolation
Know the meaning/significance of: allopatric speciation, peripatric speciation, parapatric speciation, sympatric speciation, phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium, anagenesis, cladogenesis. (Study the linked UC Berkeley Museum web sites!)

ECOLOGY: THE STUDY OF ECOSYSTEMS
Know the definitions/significance of: species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, biome, biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems,
Know the four levels of ecological study (organismal, population, community, ecosystem), and what ecologists at each level study.
What are the main abiotic components of an ecosystem, and how do they affect the animal life that lives there? Know the meaning/significance of: global latitudes (polar, sub-polar, temperate, subtropical, tropical), Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, equator, angle of incidence of the sun (and how it changes seasonally in each hemisphere), equinox, solstice.

BIOMES
Know the meaning/significance of: aquatic and terrestrial biomes, and what they are. Marine, freshwater, and brackish systems; photic and aphotic zones in aquatic ecosystems; oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic systems.
In marine ecosystems, know what is meant by each of these regions: oceanic, pelagic, intertidal, benthic
Be able to recognize descriptions of the biomes we discussed in class, and know the main types of animals you might find in each type of biome.
Know the layers of soil, and what they contain.

ORGANISMAL, POPULATION AND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
Know the definitions/significance of: species, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, biome, biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems,
Know the four levels of ecological study (organismal, population, community, ecosystem), and what ecologists at each level study.
What are the main abiotic components of an ecosystem, and how do they affect the animal life that lives there?
Organismal Ecology: Know the meaning/significance of: homeotherm, poikilotherm, endotherm, ectotherm, regulator, conformer (and be able to recognize examples of each by description).
Know the difference between evolution and adaptation, and how genes are related to each process. (Hint: Individuals adapt, and populations evolve)

Population Ecology: Know the meaning/significance of population: density, dispersion, demography (what are its various aspects?)
How do the following affect animal populations? Life History traits, arithmetic, exponential, and logistic growth patterns, intrinsic rate of increase (r) (of a species), carrying capacity (K) (of an environment).

Community Ecology: Know the meaning/significance of: ecological niche, Keystone species, indicator species, crypsis, aposematism, mimicry (Batesian and Mullerian--what's the difference?), native species, exotic species.
Know the meaning and some examples of each of the nine basic (theoretical) types of community interactions (symbioses). Be able to recognize each, if I were to make up an example and describe it to you. Anything we discussed in class about symbiosis should be in your notes. Use it!

ECOSYSTEMS
Know the meaning/significance of: native and exotic species; allelopathic species.
Understand the nature/significance of: food webs, trophic levels, primary, secondary, tertiary, etc. consumers, heterotrophs, autotroph, primary producer, detritivore, decomposer.
Understand the workings of the generalized biogeochemical cycle, and how it relates to the carbon, water, nitrogen, etc. cycles. Understand the components of the four cycles we studied in class, and their importance to ecosystems.
Know the meaning/significance of polar and non-polar molecules (and common examples of each), and the difference between organic and inorganic molecules.
Know the difference between Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming. Know what a nitrogen fixer is, and a denitrifier.

SEE YOU AT THE REVIEW SESSION!