ELEMENTARY ZOOLOGY - BIL 106
Study Guide for Exam IV

EXAM 4 WILL BE GIVEN ON TUESDAY, DECEMBER 12 AT 2:00PM IN COX 126. DON'T MISS THE EXAM!

As always, this study guide is NOT a substitute for your notes or text readings. It should be used as a checklist only. Remember that the exam will be multiple choice, 100 questions (2 points each), and have three levels of difficulty: (1) factual recall, (2) synthesizing ideas and making connections and (3) solving new problems with the knowledge you've gained.
If it's in your notes or listed below as an important reading in your text, then it's fair game, even if it's not on this study guide.
ARTHROPODA
From Lecture 14 and 14a...
Know the general progression of complexity of the major animal groups as shown in the phylogenetic tree. Know the major characteristics and innovations that set each of these taxa apart from the others.
Know the meaning/significance of the following: Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, ecdysis, metamorphosis, complete, simple, and mixed metamorphosis (and be able to recognize examples), metamerism, segmentation, tagmosis, cephalization, cephalothorax, compound eye, ommatidium. Know the main body regions as per the body symmetry diagrams we saw in class.

Know the common names, general appearances, main characteristics, and a few common examples of each of the arthropods. You need not memorize the names of any classification level lower than Phylum but you should know what type of animal is related to each. (If I want to ask you something about a certain class or order of aniamls, I will tell you the name of the class and the common name of the animal.
Again, you should still be able to figure out what a common ancestor of two related taxa might have looked like/what characteristics it might have had, judging from what two groups have in common.
Recall the general bauplan and workings of the major animal groups we studied, including anything I mentioned in class about how they feed, respire, eliminate waste, etc.

DEUTEROSTOMES
Know the characteristics that set deuterostomes apart from Protostomes.
Know the main characteristics of Phyla Echinodermata and Hemichordata, and the common names of the organisms in each phylum.
Be familiar with the five classes of echinoderms, their common names, and their general "bauplan." How do the members of each class move and feed? What major organ systems are present, and which are lacking? How does this affect the natural history of the echinoderms? (Think particularly of the excretory system!)
What is the water vacular system, what is it derived from, and what it is used for?
What are the characteristics that link the echinoderms and hemichordates as possible sister taxa?

CHORDATES
Know the three major subphyla of Chordates, and the characteristics that unite them and make them different from all other animals.
Know the meaning/significance of: endoskeleton, cranium, vertebral column, pharyngeal gill slits (pouches), postanal tail, segmentally arranged muscle bundles
Know the common names of the members of the Chordate phyla (which ones are lancelets? Which ones are tunicates/sea squirts? Do they have all the chordate features throughout their lifespans?)

VERTEBRATES: From Fish to Amphibians
What are the shared, derived characters that set vertebrates apart from all other animals?
Know the meaning/significance of: agnathan, gnathostome, cartilaginous skeleton (which group/s have this? Is it derived or primitive, with respect to all other vertebrates?)
Know the meaning/significance of: oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous, altricial, precocial.
Why are amphibians tied to water? How are they similar to and how are they different from other tetrapods?

VERTEBRATES: Tetrapods
What's the main difference between the Agnathans and the Gnathostomes. What are the common names of animals in each group?
What is the significance of the gas (air) bladder in bony fishes? How is the presence or absence of a pneumatic duct significant in terms of how the fish regulates pressure in the bladder, and how fast it can change depth?

Know the main characteristics of the Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) and the Osteichthyes (bony fish). Which types of "fish" are most closely related to tetrapods?
Know the main characteristics of Amphibia, Reptiles (what types of animals are classified as reptiles, and who's related to whom?), Mammals, etc.
What is the structure of the amniotic egg, and the function of its membranes? (You might see a diagram!) Study the diagram of the amniotic egg linked the Lecture 17. How might this evolutionary inovation have changed the course of evolution of the tetrapods?
What is the main difference, in terms of skull morphology, between the ANAPSIDA, DIAPSIDA, and SYNAPSIDA? (If you don't remember, I've added a new link so you can look and see the difference in Lecture 17.).
Which living tetrapods are descended from ancestral (1) anapsids, (2) diapsids, and (3) synapsids?
What are the closest living relatives to the dinosaurs?
What is the significance of the air sac system in birds?
What are the two main types of vertebrate photoreceptors (in the eye)? Which ones confer color vision, and which ones confer night vision? Which animals have color vision? What is "trichromatic" color vision?

MAINLY MAMMALS
What are the characteristics that set mammals apart from other animals?
What are the three main types of mammals? How does each reproduce?
What is the meaning/significance of: hypsodont, homodont, heterodont, dental formula (how do you read one?), apocrine gland, eccrine gland, mammary gland, sebaceous gland, etc.

And for those of you coming to the extra credit lecture on Monday...
OUR FRIEND, Homo sapiens
Know the meaning/significance of: anthropoid, hominoid, hominid, What are the evolutionary relationships of the prosimians, New World and Old World Monkeys, and apes (including humans)?
What is the difference between the Multiregional and the "Out of Africa" hypotheses of human racial origins?
What are some of the differences between humans and other great apes? What is their significance in terms of how successful humans have been, relative to other great apes?