Did you hear about the guy who said it couldn't be done?
Well, he got run over by the guy doin' it!
Outline
1. Introduction/personal background
2. A Brief History of Genetics
3. Discussion about the course - policy, attendance, exams, etc……
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(esp. DNA) |
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Friedrich Miescher isolates "nuclein" (DNA) from trout from the Rhine, in Switzerland (Hoppe-Seyler repeats the work of his student, in Tübingen) |
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Discovery of purines (by A. Kossel) | Discovery of Chromosomes (by Walther Flemming) | |
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Charles Darwin dies | ||
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Altmann names "nucleic acids" | W. Waldeyer coins name for chromosomes | |
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(Emil Fisher postulates chemical crosslinks of amino acids in proteins) | de Vries,
Correns, and Tschermak
each independtly "rediscovered" Mendel’s hereditary units |
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(esp. DNA) |
(& Evolution) |
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two purines (A & G) found "in equamolar amounts" in DNA | Walter Sutton proposes that chromosomes contain genetic material |
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All 4 bases in DNA now characterised, (incl. T & C) in roughly equal amounts | T.H. Morgan proposes that genes can mutate (somehow) (from work with Drosophila) |
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"enzymes" found to be made from proteins | Archibold Garrod proposes chromosomes affects enzymes (somehow) |
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Phosphate "backbone" proposed to connect DNA bases together | Morgan publishes book describing 85 different mutations in Drosophila |
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ribose sugar associated with DNA characterised | Muller discovers x-rays induce mutations in chromosomes |
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Nucleic
Acids book published by Levine;
Griffith discovers "transformation" |
Barbara McClintock shows recombination in corn (links theoretical gene to chromosome) |
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Griffith and lab co-worker are killed in their lab (in London) when it is bombed | Beadle and Tatum propose "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis |
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Avery, MacLeod, McArty show DNA is "transforming" agent (e.g., genetic material). |
1951 (Linus Pauling discovers protein a-helix)
1952 Alfred
Hershey & Martha Chase demonstrate that DNA
contains
genetic material
1953 Postulation
of a complimentary, double helical structure
for DNA
(by Watson and Crick).
1955 Chargaff
& Davidson publish exhaustive set of three volumes
on "The
Nucleic Acids", describing in great detail their physical
properties
and characterisation.
1956 Genetic
experiments support hypothesis that genetic
messages
of DNA are conveyed by its sequence of bp.
1958 Messelson
and Stahl demostrate that DNA replicates semi-
conservatively
Isolation
of the first enzyme (DNA polymerase I)
1959 Discovery of RNA polymerase.
1960 Discovery of messenger RNA.
1961 The
triplet nature of the genetic code is discovered
Monad and
Jacob propose operon model of gene regulation
1965 Appreciation
that genes conveying antibiotic resistence
in bacteria
are often carried on small bits of extrachoromo-
somal DNA
(plasmids).
1966 Establishment of complete genetic code.
1967 Isolation of the enzyme DNA ligase
1970 Isolation
of the first restriction enzyme
Temin and
Baltimore report the discovery of reverse
transcriptase
in retroviruses.
1972 Use
of ligase to link together restriction fragments.
First recombinant
molecules generated
1973 Eukaryotic genes are cloned in bacterial plasmids
1974 Call
for world-wide moratorium on certain classes of
recombinant
DNA experiments.
1976 Retroviral
oncogenes are identified as the causative agents
of transformation
1977 DNA
sequencing becomes possible.
Interrupted
genes are discovered and splicing of their
transcripts
is inferred.
1978 Production
of first human hormone (somatostatin)
using recombinant
DNA methods.
1979 Cellular oncogenes are discovered by transfection.
1981 Catalytic
activity of RNA is discovered.
Transgenic
mice and flies are obtained by introducing
new DNA
into the germ line.
1983 First
version of "GenBank" created for storage of DNA
sequences
1986 proposal
of Intramolecular Triplex structure for certain
purine rich
DNA sequences.
1989 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique first used.
1995 First
BACTERIAL genomes completely sequenced.
(Haemophilus
influenza and Mycoplasma genetilium)
1996 genome
of first EUKARYOTE completely sequenced.
(Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, 13,000,000 bp on 16
chromosomes.)
genome of
first Archaebacteria completely sequenced.
(Methanococcus
jannaschii )
genome of
first cyanobacteria completely sequenced.
(Synechocystis
sp., PCC 6803)
1997 Dolly
the Sheep cloned (and Molly, and Polly....)
E.coli
genome sequenced (finally!).
1998 Doctor
in Chicago announces he will clone a human "within
the next
two years".
Dolly the
sheep is pregnant (!)
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