LAB 8             THE  HEAD AND BRAIN

 

I.         Histology

            1.         Human Scalp - review hairy skin, note thickness of skin layers

                       

            2.         Medulla Oblongata - try to find nuclei

 

            3.         Cerebellum - identify Purkinje Cells

 

            4.         Cerebrum - identify the cortex with pyramidal cells

 

            5.         Hypophysis - note adeno-  and neuro-hypophysis

 

II.        Skeletal Material

            NOTE:  Make sure you look at fetal skull, geriatric skull, midsagittal skull and normal skull.

 

            A.        Skull

                                    Bones

                                    1.         Frontal

                                    2.         Parietal

                                    3.         Wormian (sutural)

                                    4.         Temporal

                                                            mastoid process

                                                            external auditory meatus

                                                            styloid process

                                                            zygomatic arch

                                    5.         Occipital

                                                            formen magnum

                                                            occipital condyles

                                                            inion

                                    6.         Sphenoid

                                                            sella turcica "Turk's Saddle"

                                                            greater wing

                                                            lesser wing

                                                            optic foramen

                                                            foramen ovale

                                                            pterygoid process

                                    7.         Ethmoid

                                                            perpendicular plate

                                                            cribiform plate

                                                            crista galli

                                    8.         Nasal

                                    9.         Maxillae

                                                            alveolar process

                                                            Infraorbital foramen

                                  10.         Zygomatic

                                                            zygomatic arch

                                  11.         Mandible

                                                            rami

                                                            body

                                                            coronoid process

                                                            mandibular notch

                                                            mental foramen

                                                            alveolar process

                                                            mandibular condyle

                                  12.         Lacrimal

                                  13.         Palatine

                                  14.         Vomer

                                   

                                    Sutures

                                    1.         Coronal - between frontal & parietal

                                    2.         Sagittal - between parietals

                                    3.         Lambdoidal - between parietal & occipital

                                    4.         Squamosal - between parietal & temporal

 

                                    Sinuses

                                    1.         Frontal

                                    2.         Ethmoidal

                                    3.         Sphenoidal

                                    4.         Maxillary

           

            B.        Fetal Skull

                        1.         anterior fontanele

                        2.         posterior fontanele

                        3.         posterolateral fontanele

                        4.         anterolateral fontanele

                        5.         coronal suture

                        6.         sagittal suture

                        7.         squamosal suture

                        8.         lambdoidal suture

 

            III.      Models

            A.        Head with Neck

                        Bones

                        1.         Frontal bone

                        1a.       Frontal sinuses

                        2.         Parietal bone

                        3.         Occipital bone

                        4.         Temporal bone

                        5.         Zygomatic bone

                        6.         Maxillary bone

                        7.         Nasal bone

                        8.         Ethmoid bone

                        9.         Sphenoid bone

                        9a.       Sphenoidal sinuses

                      10.         Mandible

                      11.         Clavicle

                      12.         Sternum

                      13.         Ribs

                      14.         Spine of the scapula

 

                        Connections of the big bones of the skull

                        a)         Coronal suture

                        b)        Squamous suture

                        c)         Lambdoid suture

 

                        Openings of the skull

                        d)        External auditory meatus

                        e)         Nasolacrimal canal

                        f)         Infraorbital foramen

                        g)        Mental foramen

 

                        Muscles of the head

                        1.         Temporal muscle

                        2.         Superior auricular muscle

                        3.         Posterior auricular

                        4.         Occipitalis

                        5.         Frontalis

                        6.         Orbicularis oculi

                        7.         Palpebral part of the orbicular muscle of the eye

                        8.         Levator labii superioris

                        8a.       Zygomaticus minor

                        9.         Nasalis

                       10.        Zygomaticus major

                       11.        Buccinator muscle

                       12.        Risorius muscle

                       13.        Masseter muscle

                       14.        Depressor anguli

                       15.        Orbicularis oris

                       16.        Depressor labii inferioris

                       17.        Mentalis

 

                        Muscles of the Neck

                       18.        Trapezius

                       19.        Sternocleidomastoid muscle

                       20.        Digastric muscle

                       21.        Stylohyoid muscle

                       22.        Splenius capitis

                       23.        Levator scapulae

                       24.        Posterior scalenus muscle

                       25.        Middle scalenus muscle

                       26.        Anterior scalenus muscle

                       27.        Thyrohyoid muscle

                       28.        Sternohyoid muscle

                       29.        Sternothyroid muscle

                       30.        Mylohyoid muscle

           

                        Muscles of the Shoulder

                       31.        Supraspinatus

                       32.        Infraspinatus

                       33.        Rhomboideus minor

                       34.        Rhomboideus major

 

 

                        Blood Vessels

                        a          Common carotid artery

                        a1        External carotid artery

                        a2        Internal carotid artery

                        b          Superior thyroid artery

                        c          Lingual artery

                        d          Facial artery

                        e          Transverse facial artery

                        f           Superficial temporal artery

                        f1         Frontal branch

                        f2         Parietal branch

                        g          Posterior auricular artery

                        h          Occipital artery

 

                        Miscellaneous

                        I.          Concha of the auricle

                       II.         Parotid gland

                      III.         Submandibular gland

                     IV.          Zygomatic arch

                      V.          Hyoid bone

                      17a        Eyeball

                      17b        Muscle of the eye

                      17c        Optic nerve

 

                        Cross-Section

                        a          Superior nasal concha

                        b          Middle nasal concha

                        c          Inferior nasal concha

                        d          Pharyngeal ostium of the eustachian tube

                        e          Cavity of the mouth

                        f           Genioglossus

                        h          Geniohyoid muscle

                        i           Septum of the tongue

                        k          Epiglottis

                        l           Median thyrohyoid ligament

                        m        Cuneiform cartilage

                        n          Corniculate cartilage

                        o          Arytenoideus

                        p          Vestibular ligament

                        q          Ventricle of the larynx

                        r          Vocal ligament

                        s          Thyroid cartilage

                        t           Cricoid cartilage

                        u          Pharynx

                        v          Esophagus

                        w         Trachea

 

                        Brain

                        A.        Cerebrum

                        B.         Cerebellum

                        C.        Mesencephalon

                        D.        Bridge

                        E.         Frontal lobe

                        F.         Parietal lobe

                        G.        Temporal lobe

                        H.        Occipital lobe

                        I           Lateral sulcus

                        K.        Central sulcus

                        L.         Insula

                        1.         Corpus callosum

                        2.         Genu of the corpus callosum

                        3.         Rostrum of the callous corpus

                        4.         Splenium of the callous corpus

                        5.         Septum pellucidum

                        6.         Fornix

                        7.         Interventricular foramen

                        8.         Thalamus

                        9.         Anterior commissure

                      10.         Interthalamic adhesion

                      11.         Posterior commissure

                      12.         Pineal gland

                      13.         Lamina of the roof

                      14.         Third ventricle

                      15.         Fourth ventricle

                      16.         Aqueduct of Sylvius

                     17.          Cerebral peduncle

                     18.          Optic nerve

                     19.          Hypophysis

                     20.          Mamillary corpus

                     21.          Medullary corpus

                     22.          Anterior medullary velum

                     23.          Focculus

                     24.          Tonsil of the cerebellum

                     25.          Spinal cord

                     26.          Dura mater of the brain

 

                        The 12 Cranial Nerves

                     28.          Olfactory nerves

                     29.          Optic nerve

                     30.          Oculomotor nerve

                     31.          Trochlear nerve

                     32.          Trigeminal nerve

                     33.          Abducens nerve

                     34.          Facial nerve

                     35.          Stato-acoustic nerve

                     36.          Glossopharyngeal nerve

                     37.          Vagus nerve

                     38.          Spinal accessory nerve

                     39.          Hypoglossal nerve

 

 

 

            B.        Human Head Model

                        1.         Frontalis m.

                        2.         Frontal artery, veins and nerves

                        3.         Orbicularis oculi m.

                        4.         Levator labii superior m.

                        5.         Nasalis m.

                        6.         Nasal cartilage

                        7.         Orbicularis oris m.

                        8.         Zygomaticus m.

                        9.         Triangularis m.

                      10.         Mentalis m.

                      11.         Platysma m.

                      12.         Facial artery and veins

                      13.         Mylohyoid m.

                      14.         Digastric m.

                      15.         Sternohyoid m.

                      16.         Omohyoid m.

                      17.         Masseter m.

                      18.         Facial nerves and branches

                      19.         Superficial temporal arteries and veins

                      20.         External jugular vein

                      21.         Cervical cutaneous nerve

                      22.         Occipital artery, vein and nerve

                      23.         Trapezius m.

                      24.         Semispinalis capitis m.

                      25.         Splenius capitis m.

                      26.         Levator scapulae m.

                      27.         Sternocleidomastoid m.

                      28.         Temporalis m.

                      29.         Parotid gland and duct with accessory gland

                      30.         Internal jugular vein

                      31.         Submandibular gland

                      32.         Sublingual gland

                      33.         Buccinator m.

                      34.         Infraorbital artery, vein and nerve

                      35.         Nasal septum

                      36.         Maxillary sinus

                      37.         Sagittal sinus

                      38.         Falx cerebri

           

                        The Brain

                        1.         Frontal lobe

                        2.         Parietal lobe

                        3.         Occipital lobe

                        4.         Temporal lobe

                        5.         Middle cerebral artery and vein

                        6.         Dura mater

                        7.         Arachnoid mater

                        8.         Pia mater

                        9.         Cerebellum

                      10.         Anterior cerebral artery and vein

                      11.         Corpus callosum

                      12.         Pons

                      13.         Medulla oblongata

                      14.         Posterior cerebral artery and vein

                      15.         Basilar artery

                      16.         Internal carotid artery

           

            C.        Brain Ventricles Model

                        This is a cast resin model of the ventricles of the human brain.                                               Identify the lateral ventricles, third ventricle and fourth                                                          ventricle.  Note also the foramina of Monroe, cerebral aqueduct                                           (of Sylvius), the foramina of Luschka and the foramen of                                                       Magendie.  The choroid plexus are shown in pink.

 

 

 

IV.      Disssection

 

            A.        Superficial head

                 215.            Frontalis

                 216.            Procerus

                 217.            Corrugator

                 218.            Orbicularis oculi

                 219.            Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi

                 220.            Levator Labii Superioris

                 221.            Zygomaticus Major

                 222.            Zygomaticus Minor

                 223.            Parotid Gland

                 224.            Parotid Duct

                 225.            Facial N. (VII)

                 226.            Platysma

                 227.            Orbicularis Oris

                 228.            Depressor Labii Inferioris

                 229.            Depressor Anguli Oris

                 230.            Risorius

                 231.            Mentalis

                 232.            Levator Anguli Oris

                 233.            Dilator Nares

                 234.            Compressor Nares

                 235.            Depressor Septi

                 236.            Auriculares

                 237.            Temporalis

                 238.            Massseter

 

            B.        Sagittal Head

                 239.            Spinal Cord

                 240.            Medulla oblongata

                 241.            Pons

                 242.            Cerebellum

                 243.            Inf.  Colliculus

                 244.            Sup. Colliculus

                 245.            Thalamus

                 246.            Intermediate Mass

                 247.            Septum Pellucidum

                 248.            Fornix

                 249.            Hypothalamus

                 250.            Pituitary Gland

                 251.            Corpus Callosum

                 252.            Falx Cerebri

                 253.            Tongue

                 254.            Soft Palate

                 255.            Nasal Concha

                 256.            Epiglottis

                 257.            Larynx

                 258.            Esophagus

                 259.            Tentorium Cerebelli

                 260.            Frontal Sinus

                 261.            Sphenoid Sinus

                 262.            Lateral Ventricle

                 263.            Nasal Septum

                 264.            Hyoid Bone

 

            C.        Human Brains

                 265.            Corpus Callosum

                 266.            Lateral Ventricle

                 267.            Thalamus

                 268.            Temporal Lobe

                 269.            Hypothalamus

                 270.            Putamen

                 271.            Globus Palladus

                 272.            Caudate Nucleus

                 273.            Fornix

                 274.            Corpus Callosum

                 275.            Corpora Quadrigemina

                 276.            Pineal Gland

                 277.            Septum Pellucidum

                 278.            Optic Chiasma

                 279.            Optic N. II

                 280.            Fourth Ventricle

                 281.            Choroid Plexus

 

V.        Audio-Visual

            A.        Prepared Human Brain Sections