INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION

BIL 107, Section Q

First Midterm Examination Form 1

Spring 2000

Please write and bubble in your name, student number, test form, and seat number. Sign and date the honor statement on the upper right of the answer sheet. Read each question and all alternative answers carefully. Bubble in the number of the answer that is most completely correct (2 pts/question).

1. With respect to temperature regulation in animals, which of the following statements is true:

1. endothermy and homeothermy are synonyms

2. endothermy and ectothermy are synonyms

3. poikilothermy and ectothermy are synonyms

4. animals are poikilothermic because they are ectothermic

5. choose this answer if 1 and 2 are both true

2. According to the biogenetic law (or rule):

1. oncology betokens primatology

2. phylogeny recapitulates ontogeny

3. ontology repeats phytography

4. analogy repeats homology

5. choose this answer if none of the above is correct

3. Independent evolutionary acquisition of similarity in unrelated groups of organisms is termed:

1. natural selection

2. parallel evolution

3. convergent evolution

4. divergent evolution

5. adaptive radiation

4. Which of the following are incorrectly associated:

1. Inheritance of acquired characteristics - Lamarck

2. Essay on the Principle of Population - Gregor Mendel

3. Principles of Geology - Charles Lyell

4. On the Origin of Species - Charles Darwin

5. choose this answer if all of the above are correctly associated

5. Any inherited trait that confers a survival and/or reproductive advantage can properly be

considered a (an):

1. vestigial trait

2. adaptation

3. homologous

4. analogous

5. polymorphism

6. In the Tungara Frog, the complexity of the male vocalization is determined by:

1. the complexity of the male vocal apparatus

2. the complexity of the surrounding vegetation at the calling site

3. a compromise between female choice favoring complex calls, and predation by bats which

can more easily locate complex calls

4. energetic limitations

5. the capacity of individual frogs to learn complex calls

7. The co-founder (with Darwin) of the theory of evolution by natural selection is:

1. Alfred Russell Wallace

2. Alan H. Savitzky

3. James Hutton

4. Richard F. Johnston

5. Stephen Jay Gould

8. With respect to dinosaurs the comparison of the relationship between brain size and body size,

revealed that:

1. dinosaurs have brains that are unusually small for their body size

2. dinosaurs have brains that are unusually large for their body size

3. dinosaurs have two brains, one in the skull, one in the pelvic area

4. dinosaurs are "warm blooded"

5. choose this answer if none of the above is correct

9. The geological principle that states that there is a uniformity of geological process past and present is called:

1. catastrophism

2. gradualism

3. uniformitarianism

4. stabilism

5. selectionism

10. Two populations that occur in sympatry:

1. could be different biological species

2. must be different biological species

3. must be reproductively isolated

4. could be reproductively isolated

5. choose this answer if 2 and 3 are both correct

11. According to the theory of Darwinian sexual selection:

1. choice is most likely to be exercised by males

2. competition for mates is likely to be most intense between or among females

3. choice is most likely to be exercised by the sex that contributes the most effort to reproduction

4. choice is most likely to be exercised by the sex that contributes the least effort to reproduction

5. choice is independent of reproductive effort

12. An evolutionary change in the timing of developmental events is termed:

1. hetermorphy

2. heterochrony

3. heterocoely

4. heterodonty

5. heterophyly

13. The speciation model that requires that a continuously distributed population be fragmented into two or more physically separated populations is termed the:

1. sympatric speciation model

2. evolutionary species model

3. genetic drift speciation model

4. polyploid speciation model

5. allopatric speciation model

14. You measure tail length and ear length on a single specimen of wood rat five times, and obtain the following data: Tail Length Ear Length

11.1 16.2

11.1 17.6

11.0 18.3

11.2 15.7

11.2 17.1

From these data you can correctly conclude that:

1. tail length in wood rats is less variable than ear length

2. tail length can be measured more precisely than ear length

3. ear length can be measured more accurately than tail length

4. ear length can be measured with greater precision that tail length

5. ear length in wood rats is more variable that tail length

15. Evolution within a lineage, without branching is termed:

1. anagenesis

2. anaphasic

3. cladogenesis

4. phylogenesis

5. ontogenesis

16. Under stabilizing (= normalizing) natural selection, the mean of the trait under selection will:

1. change in unpredictable directions

2. change in a consistent, predictable direction

3. always diminish

4. always increase

5. remain unchanged

17. A cross between a horse and a donkey produces a viable hybrid, yet horses and donkeys are reproductively isolated due to:

1. mechanical isolation

2. ecological isolation

3. hybrid breakdown

4. hybrid sterility

5. hybrid inviability

18. The phenomenon in which a single gene has multiple effects is termed:

1. parsimony

2. polytomy

3. pleiotropy

4. polygenetics

5. polyandry

19. From an electrophoretic study of a population of earwigs (small insects with pinchers at the

rear end of the body) you discover a polymorphic locus at which there are two (and only two)

alleles, M and m. The M allele occurs at a frequency of 0.2. If all of the assumptions of Hardy- Weinberg are met the expected genotypic frequencies will be:

1. MM = 0.04, Mn = 0.32, mm = 0.64

2. MM = 0.20, Mn = 0.00, mm = 0.80

3. MM = 0.32, Mn = 0.64, mm = 0.04

4. MM = 0.33, Mn = 0.33, mm = 0.33

5. choose this answer in none of the above is correct

20. A phenogram is a graphical representation that groups OTUs together on the basis of

1. overall similarity

2. recency of common ancestry

3. evolutionary relationship

4. convergent evolution

5. choose this answer if 1 and 4 are both correct

21. An abrupt increase in the number of chromosome sets:

1. can result in a form of sympatric speciation

2. is called polyphyodonty

3. rarely occurs in plants

4. is called polyploidy

5. choose this answer if 1 and 4 are both correct

22. Darwin's appreciation for the enormous reproductive potential of all species came from having read:

1. Wallace

2. Mendel

3. Lyell

4. Lamarck

5. choose this answer if none of the above is correct

23. Consider the following matrix of similarity values between four OTUs, A, B, C, and D.

A B C D

A -

B .2 -

C .4 .8 - -

D .6 .2 .2 -

According to these similarity values, which of the following statements is true:

1. A joins D at a similarity of 0.8

2. B joins C at a similarity of 0.6

3. B+C joins A+D at a similarity of 0.25

4. A+B+C joins D at a similarity of 1.2

5. choose this answer if none of the above is correct

24. From the similarity matrix in question 23, we can correctly conclude that:

1. B and C are more closely related to one another than either is to any other OTU

2. B and C are more similar to each other than either is to any other OTU

3. B and C shared a common ancestor more recently than either did with any other OTU

4. the similarity between B and C is due to convergent evolution

5. choose this answer if none of the above is correct

25. Which of the following is not an assumption of Hardy-Weinberg:

1. large population size

2. no mutation

3. no selection

4. random mating

5. choose this answer if all of the above are assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg

26. The effect of genetic drift in altering the genetic composition of a population will be

greatest when:

1. the population is small

2. the population is large

3. the population is very large

4. the population is of intermediate size

5. choose this answer if the effect of genetic drift is independent of population size

27. Structures that owe their similarity to convergent evolution are properly considered:

1. homologous

2. herologous

3. analogous

4. hyperolius

5. heterologous

28. Organisms are likely to fall short of perfection because:

1. environments are constantly changing

2. of inherent inferiority

3. of the pleiotropic effects of genes

4. of teleology

5. choose this answer if 1 and 3 are both correct

29. Which of the following is not a diagnostic Chordate character:

1. paired appendages

2. gill slits

3. notochord

4. dorsal, hollow nerve cord

5. choose this answer if neither 1 nor 2 is a diagnostic Chordate character

30. According to the biological species concept, the criterion for species status is:

1. independent evolutionary fate

2. allopatry

3. reproductive isolation

4. anagenesis

5. choose this answer if none of the above is correct

31. In 1849 a botanist working in the British Museum of Natural History described and named what she believed to be a new species of cactus, calling it Pachycereus spinosa, from Chihuahua, Mexico. She later discovered that her new species had been described and named by previous workers, first in 1741 as Opuntia gigantia, and in 1806 as Echincarpus nudosa. Under the nomenclatural rule of priority, the correct name for this species is:

1. Opuntia gigantia

2. Pachycereus spinosa

3. Echinocarpus nudosa

4. choose this answer if none of the above are the correct name for this species

5. choose this answer if all of the above names can be correctly applied to this species

32. In hypothesis testing, the rule of parsimony requires that:

1. the most simple hypothesis be the true hypothesis

2. the most complex hypothesis be preferred

3. all hypotheses should be as complex as possible

4. we withhold judgment until we find a more simple hypothesis

5. choose this answer if none of the above is correct

33. A teleological statement is one that:

1. is non-parsimonious

2. can never be refuted

3. implies purposefulness where none exists

4. comes at the end of a paragraph

5. contains a humorous redundancy

34. A partial explanation for the widespread existence of sexual reproduction among organisms is that sex:

1. by itself is a mechanism of evolutionary change

2. promotes the survival of the species

3. generates and maintains genetic variation within populations

4. overrides the effects of genetic drift

5. eliminates the need for asexual reproduction

35. Although ultimately shown to be incorrect, Lamarck's theory of evolutionary change was

nonetheless useful because:

1. it was simple

2. it did not offend the religious sensitivities of his day

3. it was stated in such a way that it could be tested

4. it applied to plants as well as animals

5. it re-established French intellectual dominance

36. Consider the following statement: "There are two genuses, each with a single species. One genus contains the species rana sylvatica." As written the statement is incorrect because:

1. the plural for genus is genera, not genuses

2. the generic name Rana is always capitalized

3. the specific name, sylvatica, should be capitalized

4. there is no such thing as a genus with only a single species in it

5. choose this answer if 1 and 2 are both correct

37 Which of the following are incorrectly paired:

1. 1859 - Origin of Species

2. 1862 - Voyage of the Beagle

3. 1758 - 10^th Edition of Systema Naturae

4. 1809 - Year of Darwin's birth

5. choose this answer if all of the above are correctly paired

38. Over the immensity of geologic time, microevolutionary change in the genetic constitution of a population can produce "descent with modification." This slow process, producing gradual cumulative change is called:

1. adaptive radiation

2. parallelism

3. heterochrony

4. phyletic gradualism

5. recapitulation

39. Which of the following isolating mechanisms would be expected to evolve first:

1. temporal isolation

2. hybrid inviability

3. ecological isolation

4. behavioral isolation

5. mechanical isolation

40. Which of the following kinds of speciation has been most important in the evolution of Angiosperms (flowering plants):

1. polyploidy

2. allopatric speciation

3. special creation

4. parapatric speciation

5. amphipatric speciation

41. The fact that in our species males, on average, are larger than females, is an example of:

1. the rare male mating advantage

2. sexual dimorphism

3. disruptive selection

4. teleology

5. parsimony

42. Which of the following sequences lists categories of the Linnaean hierarchy in ascending order, from least inclusive to most inclusive:

1. genus, order, family, phylum, class

2. species, genus, family, order, class

3. species, family genus, class, order

4. kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus

5. family, class, order, species, genus

43. In comparison with our closest living relative, the chimpanzee, the human skull is remarkably:

1. ape-like

2. paedomorphic

3. small

4. empty

5. paleomorphic

44. According to the neutralist view, much of the electrophoretically-detected genetic variation in natural populations is:

1. maintained by natural selection

2. maintained by sexual selection

3. maintained by genetic drift

4. has no bearing on survival or reproductive success

5. maintained by forces not yet understood

45. The developmental history of an individual is termed its:

1. phylogeny

2. orthography

3. oligarchy

4. ontogeny

5. philopatry

46. In the absence of genetic variation:

1. genetic drift will be especially important in changing gene frequencies

2. the rate of evolutionary change will be accelerated

3. the direction of evolutionary change will be unpredictable

4. there can be no evolution

5. choose this answer if 1 and 2 are both correct

47. In the Linnaean hierarchy, the category that lies below the level of the species is the:

1. infraspecies

2. microspecies

3. subspecies

4. semispecies

5. choose this answer if none of the above is correct

48. Which of the following modes of natural selection was not exhibited in the Bumpus House Sparrow example:

1. normalizing selection

2. stabilizing selection

3. directional selection

4. disruptive selection

5. choose this answer if all of the above modes of selection were exhibited in the Bumpus House Sparrow example

49. For a population in which heterozygous genotypes occur at a much higher frequency than that predicted by Hardy-Weinberg, the most likely explanation is:

1. genetic drift

2. heterozygous superiority (= heterosis)

3. mutation

4. gene flow

5. choose this answer if none of the above is a likely explanation

50. With respect to Darwin, which of the following statements is not true:

1. studied for the clergy at Cambridge University

2. was familiar with Gregor Mendel's breeding experiments with garden peas

3. served as naturalist aboard HMS Beagle

4. deserves full credit for working out the theory of evolution by natural selection

5. choose this answer if neither 2 nor 4 are true