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LINKS to more puzzles: Chapter 1 Chapter 2b Chapter 3a Chapter 3b Chapter 4a Chapter 4b Chapter 5a Chapter 5b |
LINKS to related sites: aCross Development home page: Tosney home page Society for Developmental Biology Gilbert’s textbook home page Sinauer |
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1 transformation of one differentiated cell type into another, as in newt lens regeneration 8 somatic cells from Rana pipiens ___ their ability to direct complete development as they become determined and differentiated, showing a progressive restriction of nuclear potency 11 insert an O for milk, then add ARD to run away 12 anagram for a conjunction 13 when Morgan removed cytoplasm from a _ _ _ _ophore egg, the embryos were defective, suggesting to him that cytoplasm carried the important developmental information 15 because iris cells can form lens cells in the newt, they have not ___ any lens genes during their initial formation 17 a nucleus that is ____potent would be able to generate all the cell types of the body; the nucleus of the fertilized egg is ___potent 18 malformations in the fruit fly ___ (a structure) result from genes affecting the developmental primordia 20 the early history of developmental biology sounds rather like a w_ _ (conflict) between embryologists and geneticists, as each side became partisan over which compartment of the fertilized egg controls inheritence 22 sea urchin eggs fertilized by ___ (number) sperm divide abnormally, so that daughter cells have different types of chromosomes; those with different chromosomes have different defects, thus showing individual differences in chromosomes 23 refers to what cell types a cell can develop to form 25 a _ _ _ism (estrangement) separated early geneticists and embryologists 26 male pronoun 27 each nucleus contains _ _st if not all of the same genes; the operon_ _del gave us one way of understanding how gene expression could be regulated 28 the Brachyury mutation affects the development of the ___ (posterior) of the embryo 32 progressive restriction of nuclear potency during development appears to be the general view; developmental events _ _ _ (prohibit) expression of every gene in every cell 34 end in AY to wait, ETE to remove, UDE to lie, VE to dig 35 genomic ____ is the concept that all cells that are the mitotic descendent of a fertilized egg retain all the genes present in the egg 37 a question that bedeviled early embryologists was, if chromosomes are the s_ _ _ (identical) in every cell, how can they direct development of different cell phenotypes? 39 the concept that developmental information lies in the cytoplasm is _e_able (justifiable) because removing cytoplasm from certain kinds of eggs is sufficient to cause deformed development 40 for the most part, all the cells of the body have the _ _me (identical) genes and chromosomes 41 to enucleate a frog _g_, prick the egg to induce changes that mimic fertilization and then puncture it where the meiotic spindle has pushed pigment granules away; the chromosomes and meiotic spindle will then flow out of the cell 42 one _ _ctic (plan) to reintegrate genetics and embryology was to look for mutations that alter early development 44 diety 45 regeneration of the ___ in salamanders showed that even differentiated adult cells retain the potential to produce other cell types 47 very important person, abbrev 49 _ _o_; to find, pinpoint 51 the operon model forms one b_ _ _s (fundamental principle) of our understanding of developmental mechanisms 54 In 1938, Glueksohn-Schoenheimer reflected that a _ _ _ _ _ _ _mental geneticist couldn't change a structure and evaluate the consequences, but had to examine the results of the gene's experiment 57 metaplasia is also termed ___-differentiation, a change from one differentiated cell into another 59 long playing record, abbrev 61 when Morgan removed cytoplasm from fertilized comb jelly eggs, the embryos developed with _ _fects, showing that the cytoplasm is essential for development and leading him to propose that the nucleus does not contain differentiating power. 62 serial transfer of a nucleus from _ _g to _ _g can increase the number of nuclei that can develop tadpoles; the procedure of transfering a nucleus into an enucleated _ _g is called cloning 63 mutation in mice that alters development of the posterior portion of the embryo due to defects in early induction of the dorsal axis 67 _NI_ is a computer system 68 division rate during cleavage; if differentiated cells divide at this rate their chromosomes can break, leading to abnormalities that may explain why so few differentiated nuclei can support normal development when transplanted into an enucleated egg 69 Woll_ _an regeneration of the newt lens is so named for the person who discovered it 70 before the Christian era, abbrev TOP |
2 _ _o_ _ is the bacterium used to establish the operon model; as with other microbes, its environment can modulate its gene expression 3 in microbes, one genome can produce ___ (number) functionally different cytoplasmic states, depending on the presence or absence of a particular compound such as lactose 4 _ _ctose is a substance that stimulates E. coli to synthesize beta-galactosidase 5 _ _aptive enzymes are proteins that are not usually synthesized by a microbe, but that become synthesized when the microbe encounters a novel substrate 6 x-linked mutations in which traits like eye color could be directly linked to presence of a particular sex chromosome proved to be a ___ (catch) in the cytoplasmic hypothesis, and converted Morgan to the chromosmal hypothesis 7 genes ___ and react; they both alter the cytoplasm and respond to changes in the cytoplasm, as instanced by the operon model 8 if you ___ (allow) nuclei from differentiated skin cells to restore their abilities by serial transfer through enucleated eggs, then some can direct normal development 9 a t_ _ _c is a restorative; e.g., drink it with gin 10 according to Morgan, the science that studies the expression of traits; a continuing dialog between genetics and ___ parallels an ongoing dialog between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in the cell 14 genes are the same from cell to cell; globin genes are found in ____ cells, and genes for ___ enamel are found in brain neurons 16 number of x chromosomes that determines female sex in insects studied by Morgan 19 novel 20 the highest point, apex, culmination 21 an exceptionally large chromosomal puff can be physically ___ by microdissection and its products can be analyzed; this procedure showed that puffs actively make mRNA 22 differential gene expression has ___ (number of) postulates: differentiated cells have identical DNA, unused genes retain the potential to be expressed, and only a few specific genes are expressed in each cell 23 ring, toll, chime, knell 24 depend or desert, vowels only 29 energy quotient, abbrev 30 Scott Gilbert is the _ _ _hor of your textbook; Kathryn Tosney is the _ _ _hor of these puzzles. 31 a Balbiani ___ is a large puff on a polytene chromosome; experiments hybridizing insects carrying different ___s showed that a puff is responsible for appearance of a particular protein 32 structural differences in polytene chromosomes that reflect differentially condensed regions; these ____ are identical in position and size from cell to cell 33 spermine treatment of nuclei removes histones and may help to ___ (restore) the activity of nuclei, allowing them to divide at a more rapid rate when they are placed in an enucleated egg 34 after a newt lens is plucked out, pigmented iris cells _ _-differentiate by disposing of their pigment granules and then divide and finally redifferentiate as lens cells 36 an archaic negative 38 slang for the maternal person 43 fate of most Rana pipiens embryos that develop when somatic cells of tail-bud stages are injected into enucleated eggs: they ____ 46 mutations that altered axis and wing development in Drosophila showed that genes control ____ (refers to time) development as well as the final modeling of details 47 double letter 48 if a cell or nucleus is _ _ _ _ _potent, it can give rise to many but not all cell types 50 _ _ _ _tene chromosomes in larval insects undergo DNA replication without mitosis, resulting in 512, 1024 or more parallel DNA double helices per cell 52 the _ _me number of bands are seen on polytene chromosomes from different organs 53 an _ _ _ _ _er is a molecular agent made by one cell that is responsible for influencing differentiation of another cell 55 anagram for a type of differentiated cell in which the nucleus, if transplanted into an enucleated egg, can support normal development 56 the _ _ _e (rate) of mitosis is much greater during cleavage than in any differentiated cell 58 in some species, ____ is determined by the environment 60 a _ _ _f is an expanded region of a polytene chromosome that reflects active RNA synthesis 63 treating nuclei with spermidine and cold may help _y_ass (evade) the demand for nuclei to suddenly revert to foreign physiological conditions and to divide incessantly 64 even some _ _ult differentiated cells can retain their potential to produce other cell types 65 male pronoun 66 the inadvertant presence of p_ _mordial germs cells in the gut could, in King's view, explain why some fraction of nuclei taken from gut cells support normal development; experiments using frog foot cells countered this objection |
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