Bil 265, Physiology, Spring 2009 - Third Examination - Form 1

1. Which best describes the Bohr Effect?

1) As numerical pH rises, keeping oxygen partial pressure constant, hemoglobin releases oxygen.
2) As numerical pH rises, keeping oxygen partial pressure constant, hemoglobin binds oxygen.
3) Changes in pH have no effect upon oxygen binding.

Correct Answer is: 2


2. In a fish with a typical two-chambered heart, the ventricle pumps blood directly to the:

1) atrium
2) gill capillaries
3) systemic capillaries

Correct Answer is: 2


3. What causes "tetanus"?

1) low Calcium.
2) low ATP.
3) a change in pH after death.
4) repetitive stimulation of a muscle with a series of closely spaced action potentials.

Correct Answer is: 4


4. In the lecture notes, the statement is made: "The frequency of pacemaker potentials decreases upon _____ stimulation by the _____ and increases by _____ stimulation." Fill in the blanks:

1) parasympathetic, celiac, sympathetic
2) sympathetic, vagus, parasympathetic
3) parasympathetic, vagus, sympathetic
4) sympathetic, celiac, parasympathetic

Correct Answer is: 3


5. Which of the following might I most likely give you if I hit you on the head?

1) IDDM.
2) NIDDM.
3) Neurogenic diabetes insipidus.

Correct Answer is: 3


6. Where is the primary site of manufacture of human ADH?

1) In the adrenal medulla.
2) In the adrenal cortex.
3) In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
4) In the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
5) In the anterior hypophysis of the pituitary.

Correct Answer is: 4


7. Where is the primary site of manufacture of human Oxytocin?

1) In the adrenal medulla.
2) In the adrenal cortex.
3) In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
4) In the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
5) In the anterior hypophysis of the pituitary.

Correct Answer is: 3


8. Where is the primary site of manufacture of human Growth Hormone?

1) In the adrenal medulla.
2) In the adrenal cortex.
3) In the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.
4) In the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus.
5) In the anterior hypophysis of the pituitary.

Correct Answer is: 5


9. Which of the following best describes glycogen?

1) A polymer of fructose units.
2) Carbohydrate storage in the liver occurs by uptake of glycogen by the liver.
3) Glycogen release from the liver is controlled by the hormone glucagon.
4) A polymer formed from carbohydrate units released by UDPG.

Correct Answer is: 4


10. Which of the following molecules are similar in that they both bind divalent calcium in vertebrates?

1) calmodulin and troponin.
2) troponin and myosin.
3) EDTA and myosin

Correct Answer is: 1


11. Which of the following best describes the particularly useful characteristic of myoglobin having a oxygen binding curve that is best modeled by a rectangular hyperbola (% oxygen bound vs. partial pressure of oxygen)?

1) The maximum amount of oxygen that can be bound for each of the four protein chains of myoglobin is higher than if the four chains were separated.
2) Oxygen is released at reasonably high oxygen pressures, before the oxygen pressure drops so low as to starve cells of oxygen.
3) Myoglobin binds a large amount of oxygen, at all but the lowest oxygen pressures.

Correct Answer is: 3


12. Suppose that the diffusion constant of oxygen gas in air is 0.167 cm-squared/sec, a reasonable approximation to the actual value. On the average, how far might you expect an oxygen molecule to diffuse in air in four seconds?

1) 0.02 cm
2) 0.2 cm
3) 0.4 cm
4) 2.0 cm
5) 4.0 cm

Correct Answer is: 4


13. Suppose that you travel to a far distant planet, where the diffusion constant of an unusual form (perhaps like oxygen bound to something large) of oxygen gas in air is 0.00167 cm-squared/sec, a reasonable approximation to the actual value. On the average, how far might you expect an oxygen molecule to diffuse in air in four seconds?

1) 0.02 cm
2) 0.2 cm
3) 0.4 cm
4) 2.0 cm
5) 4.0 cm

Correct Answer is: 2


14. TRUE or FALSE: Most terrestrial invertebrates have calcium control of muscle contraction on both the thick and thin filaments.

1) True.
2) False.

Correct Answer is: 1


15. Which of the following receptor and internal cell signaling systems is used by human growth hormone binding to target cells?

1) Receptor tyrosine kinases.
2) G-protein and cAMP.
3) G-protein and inositol phospholipids.

Correct Answer is: 1


16. You walk into a lecture by the famous comparative physiologist, Dr. I. M. Hemomann. Dr. Hemomann, known by his friends simply as "I. M.", is talking about an animal that has two single chambered brachial hearts and one systemic heart. What sort of animal is he talking about?

1) lungfish
2) shark
3) octopus
4) reptile
5) your cruel, "heartless" professor in physiology.

Correct Answer is: 3


17. Dark muscles of domesticated chicken and turkey are of which type?

1) Fast-twitch oxidative.
2) Slow-twitch.
3) Tetanic.
4) Fast-twitch glycolytic.
5) Tonic.

Correct Answer is: 2


18. What causes "rigor mortis"?

1) low Calcium.
2) low ATP.
3) a change in pH after death.
4) repetitive stimulation of a muscle with a series of closely spaced action potentials.

Correct Answer is: 2


19. Upon stimulation of contraction in vertebrate skeletal muscle, calcium is released from the:

1) transverse tubules
2) mitochondria
3) rough endoplasmic reticulum
4) sarcoplasmic reticulum
5) lysosomes

Correct Answer is: 4


20. Which best describes the Lohman reaction?

1) Involves the production of Angiotensin II.
2) Converts carbon dioxide gas to bicarbonate.
3) A reaction which is associated with the enzyme "creatine phosphokinase".
4) The Lohman reaction takes pyruvate and converts it to lactate, in the absence of oxygen.

Correct Answer is: 3


21. What ion is used to bind oxygen gas in invertebrate hemocyanins?

1) zinc
2) maganese
3) iron
4) magnesium
5) copper

Correct Answer is: 5


22. TRUE or FALSE: The hormone Insulin is an eicosenoid.

1) True.
2) False.

Correct Answer is: 2


23. What happens in cyanide poisoning?

1) Cyanide binds to hemoglobin and prevents oxygen binding.
2) Cyanide blocks the ACE enzyme.
3) Cyanide blocks the Lohman reaction.
4) Cyanide prevents the normal action of cytochrome oxidase.

Correct Answer is: 4


24. For humans, what is the result of either cyanide or carbon monoxide poisoning?

1) Blood turns bright red.
2) Blood turns a muddy brown color, even in arterial blood.
3) Blue turns a distinct blue color

Correct Answer is: 1


25. What is chlorocruorin?

1) a diuretic.
2) a medication used to treat asthma.
3) a green-colored oxygen binding pigment.
4) a photosynthetic pigment used to help some animals make enough ATP to power their muscles.

Correct Answer is: 3


26. The "chloride shift" in red blood cells

1) is the result of transport by Band III protein.
2) is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
3) results in cotransport of chloride in one direction and sodium in the other direction.
4) occurs in the Antarctic Icefish but not in humans.

Correct Answer is: 1


27. Suppose that a vertebrate, striated skeletal muscle cell is prevented from contracting, so that actin and myosin can't bind to each other, as during contraction. Under these conditions, which of the following is true with respect to actin ATPase activity (enzymatic catalysis of ATP to form ADP and inorganic phosphate)?

1) Significant actin ATPase activity occurs, at the same rate as in contracting muscle.
2) Actin ATPase activity still occurs, but at a lower rate than in contracting muscle.
3) Actin ATPase activity occurs, but at a higher rate than in contracting muscle.
4) Actin doesn't have any significant ATPase activity, either in contracting or noncontracting muscle.

Correct Answer is: 4


28. A human patient is being treated with Lithium. In MODERN medical practice, what condition is most likely being treated with lithium?

1) Bipolar disorder.
2) NIDDM.
3) Polyuria.
4) Neurogenic diabetes insipidus.
5) High blood pressure.

Correct Answer is: 1


29. TRUE or FALSE: The hormone epinephrine is a protein.

1) True.
2) False.

Correct Answer is: 2


30. Which of the following is most accurate with respect to tetanus in mammalian cardiac muscle?

1) Tetanus doesn't occur because the action potentials on heart muscle cells are much longer in duration than on other types of muscles.
2) Tetanus doesn't occur because the action potentials on heart muscle cells are much shorter in duration than on other types of muscles.
3) Tetanus doesn't occur because heart muscle has so much myoglobin that ATP concentrations can never fall to low levels.
4) Heart muscle is always in tetanus as a normal part of its contraction.

Correct Answer is: 1


31. White muscles of domesticated chicken and turkey are of which type?

1) Fast-twitch oxidative.
2) Tetanic.
3) Slow-twitch.
4) Tonic.
5) Fast-twitch glycolytic.

Correct Answer is: 5


32. You have joined Professors Acton and Myerson in a groundbreaking series of experiments. You do isometric contractions of frog muscle, measuring the tension developed at each length. When the sarcomere length is between 1.8 and 2.0 micrometers, the tension is maximum and independent of sarcomere length. But, just below 1.8 micrometers sarcomere length, the tension begins to decrease. What is the reason for this decrease in tension immediately below 1.8 micrometers?

1) The thin filaments are pushing through the Z-disk structure.
2) The thick and thin filaments aren't overlapping as much as at longer sarcomere lengths.
3) The Lohman Reaction is inhibited by thin filaments disrupting the M-line
4) The thin filaments from one half of the sarcomere are pushing in between the actin and myosin filaments on the other half of the same sarcomere and thus blocking cross-bridge formation.

Correct Answer is: 4


33. Which of the following is the single protein that binds calcium for activation of human skeletal muscle?

1) troponin.
2) alpha-actinin.
3) tropomyosin.
4) dynein.

Correct Answer is: 1


34. When studying calcium activation of muscle contraction, researchers found that the only way they could lower calcium concentrations in solution to the extremely low levels found in myofibrils at rest was by using a chelating agent that binds calcium. The most popular of such chelating agents for calcium is:

1) EATA
2) EDTA.
3) ACE.
4) ADH.
5) EGTA.

Correct Answer is: 5


35. Which is most accurate concerning carbonic anhydrase?

1) catalyzes the reaction of ATP and creatine.
2) catalyzes the addition of oxygen to hemoglobin.
3) contains a zinc atom.

Correct Answer is: 3


36. Which of the following is the single protein that physically blocks the binding of actin to myosin in relaxed human skeletal muscle?

1) alpha-actinin.
2) troponin.
3) tropomyosin.
4) dynein.

Correct Answer is: 3


37. In the lecture notes, the statement is made: "Contractile cells (in heart muscle) will produce action potentials as the result of voltage-gated _______ channels opening in response to the pacemaker potentials. Fill in the blank:

1) sodium
2) calcium
3) chloride
4) potassium

Correct Answer is: 2


38. Prostaglandins are?

1) amines
2) proteins
3) steroids
4) inositol phospholipids
5) eicosenoids

Correct Answer is: 5


39. Which of the following is also known as Vasopressin, because of its action on blood vessels?

1) RIH
2) FSH
3) ADH
4) GH

Correct Answer is: 3


40. Which of the following is most commonly used to prevent bacterial growth in cell culture:

1) EDTA.
2) EATA
3) ACE.
4) ADH.
5) EGTA.

Correct Answer is: 1